Bird anatomy for artists pdf free download

About this book This informative textbook for bird artists is a comprehensive survey of the complete bird from head to tail. Yes No. Media reviews. Current promotions. Bestsellers in Birds: General. All the Birds of the World. More Info. Collins Birds of the World. The Helm Guide to Bird Identification. Bird Photographer of the Year, Collection 6. Avian Illuminations. Second Revised Edition. Bird Anatomy for Artists is a beautifully presented comprehensive survey of the complete bird from head to tail.

The book is full of Oct 22, — Do stories and artists like this matter to you?. Ornithology, for reviewing the bird text. Thanks also to Melissa Mead of My two books on anatomy are a direct outcome of that experience. Bird Anatomy for Artists - Dr. Natalia Balo. Download FileSince anatomy is the study of structure, it is a subject which could be understood The Retrieval Artist. The Fear Artist. Recommend Documents. Your name. Close Send. Remember me Forgot password?

Our partners will collect data and use cookies for ad personalization and measurement. Learn how we and our ad partner Google, collect and use data. It remnant of the usually more extensive malaris found in the passes over the zygomaticus, masseter, and buccinator. The muscle is other species. It passes downward from that lies on the forehead. The fibers that insert into the upper inner its bony origin to its skin insertion.

The muscle fibers of both sides unite corner of the eye pull this region upward and rearward, resembling the and intermingle with fat and connective tissue. In the dog and feline, function of the levator anguli oculi medialis which is present in the the muscle fans out as it descends.

In the horse, dog, and feline, the muscle comparable to the frontalis is the fronto-scutularis. It inserts into, and pulls, the scutiform cartilage, which is in turn attached to the ear by other muscle. It is there- fore considered one of the muscles of the ear, and not a muscle that moves the eyebrow region, as in the ox. It inserts directly into parts of the edges of the nostril, rather than large notch at the front end of the bones of the snout to the rear of the into the outer wall of the nasal cavity.

It nasal cavity outward and rearward, and assists in dilating the actual pulls the corner of the mouth rearward and has a strong effect on the nostril opening. It does not dilate or expand the "false nostril" nasal shape of the mouth. It is least developed in the horse.

It pulls the corner of the lies above the true nasal cavity. Some fibers of the cutaneous converges on the surface of the outer wall of the nasal cavity. It consists muscle of the head transversely cross over the snout and insert into the of upper and lower parts. The upper part passes under the tendon of the upper part of the lateralis nasi. They assist in dilating the nostril. This muscle is not present in the dog or feline.

The platysma of the dog is quite wide; it begins on the midline OX on the back of the upper neck and inserts into the corner of the mouth. Lower species described here. It remains wide at its inserting end on the part: Along the edge of the forwardmost projecting bone of the upper side of the face where it attaches to several facial muscles, yet, as in jaw incisivus bone and the adjacent cartilage.

Lower the mouth. They also rotate the ear Because the ear muscles are so numerous, do not create from a forward-facing position to a rear-facing position, directing its con- surface form, and lie in layers, they are depicted here as linear axes, with cave, sound-gathering "cup" outwardly as it rotates. The muscles insert an arrow indicating their direction of pull.

The ear of the extends to be directly onto the ear, or insert onto the movable scutiform cartilage, directed horizontally, rather than upright, as in the horse, dog, and feline. It is called the "salt cellar. In the dog and feline, jaw up and pulling it back. In the dog and feline, a small band of muscle deeply onto the upper tip of the lower jaw.

Except for the ox, the round- fibers arises from the rear end of the zygomatic arch and curves upward, ed form of the muscle fills out the upper back portion of the head, espe- forward, and then downward to the lower jaw, deep to the zygomatic cially in the dog and feline, where the muscle is well developed.

In the arch, where it fuses with the rest of the muscle. The dog and feline bony ridge of the side of the face in the horse and ox. In the horse and ox, it stops at the pterygoid muscle beyond the rear end of the lower jaw in the dog edge of the lower jaw. In the dog and feline, it projects substantially and feline. In the horse and ox, it also pulls the lower jaw sideways outward the surface in the horse, just in front of the jaw joint.

Dog and feline: Lower lower jaw in this region. In the feline, the muscle inserts farther forward edge of the rear end of the lower jaw. The parotid gland lies on the side of the jaw at the jaw joint , which opens the mouth. HORSE DOG Salivary glands The mandibular gland is a separate, elongated gland that lies The parotid gland is a soft, sponge-like form sitting in the hollow along the rear edge of the parotid gland in the ox.

In the dog and between the back of the lower jaw and the side of the neck wing of feline, the mandibular gland is an ovoid body, approximately half the the atlas. It extends up to, and surrounds except in the ox , the base size of the parotid gland, and is located below the parotid gland.

It is of the ear. The gland spreads over the rear edge of the lower jaw and in contact with the lower end of the parotid. The mandibular gland of softens the definition of the anatomy in this region. When the head is the horse is mostly concealed by the parotid gland. The parotid gland is elongated in the horse and ox, and shorter Sternothyroid.

It is directed forward, upward, and inward. Its rear portion is buried in muscle, but as it advances, it approaches the surface. Longissimus atlantis: lower end of the expanded side projection, or Several narrow or wide tendons and thin muscle pass over, or attach wing, of the first neck vertebra atlas.

The key to bral column. They lie deep to the splenius. The upper rear muscle, the understanding this region is to isolate each visible form and follow longissimus capitis, inserts into the skull by a flat tendon, in common it toward its origin and insertion. This tendon may occasionally be seen on the surface passing over the wing of the atlas, as well as on its way to the skull. However, and fifth neck vertebrae not the second.

It is thicker in the dog and the feline than in the ox. One side only: Pulls the head and neck to that side. It comes to the surface in an irregular rectangular window bordered by the brachiocephalicus in front, the trapezius and a small portion of the rhomboid behind, and the neck portion of the serratus ventralis cervicis below.

It extends from the forward when the neck is fixed. It widens as it descends, then it thins as it passes over the diagonal line. This leaves an elongated triangular portion of the lower shoulder, where it fuses with the fascia on the surface of the shoulder end of the omotransversarius exposed at the shoulder.

Feline: Also from the base of the skull. The origin and insertion are often reversed in the dog and the feline when the shoulder is considered the more fixed point of attachment. The brachiocephalicus lies in front of the The brachiocephalicus "arm-to-head" muscle is a long, wide, straplike omotransversarius, which used to be considered part of the brachio- muscle that passes from the head and neck down to the front of the elbow cephalicus, and was called the cleidocervicalis.

The longer, upper portion, the cleidocephalicus, nuchal ligament on the midline of the neck. Cleidomastoideus: Base of "clavicle-to-head" is further divided in some species into two parts—the the skull, just behind the ear hole.

The two portions are by a tendinous line present in the ox, variable in the horse. In the dog distinctly separate, with their upper ends separated by a narrow interval.

A small, vestigial bony clavicle, lying deep to the brachio- of the neck. The muscle as a whole narrows at the shoulder and passes in cephalicus, is fused to the inner half of this tendinous line. The clavicle front of the shoulder joint. Cleidomastoid: Base of the skull line, passing downward and forward, and ending behind and below the behind the ear hole. Feline: Inner surface of the upper end of the ulna, just below of the bone and passes downward and inward on the front of the lower the elbow joint, in common with the brachialis.

Both sides of the body: Pulls deep part, the cleidomastoid. The cleidocervicalis begins wide and thin the head and neck downward. One side only: Pulls the head and on the back of the front half of the neck and covers a considerable portion neck to that side. The overall muscle narrows as it descends, passing from the head to the arm. Its upper end develops a thin, wide crossing in front of the shoulder joint.

Because of its insertion past the tendon that attaches to the skull and allows deeper structures to show elbow joint onto the ulna in the feline, the form of the brachiocephalicus through.

It descends in front of the shoulder joint. The lower end of the is directed lower on the limb than in the other species. It emerges from under the bra- suspended from the rear end of the base of the skull. The sternohyoid, chiocephalicus, crosses the trachea on a diagonal line, and inserts onto omohyoid, and mylohyoid attach to a roughly "U" shaped portion of the the hyoid bone.

This muscle is not superficial in the other species. The hyoid bone is hidden from view behind the lower jaw in the horse and the ox, Mylohyoid but it is seen in the dog and the feline in the side view. Both sides together form a sling under the lower jaw. It remains in The mylohyoid of the ox may drop slightly below the lower edge of the contact with its fellow of the other side of the body, on the front of the jaw, whereas in the horse is does not, and therefore does not participate neck, throughout their lengths.

The lower end of the muscle at the ster- in creating the profile. Near the throat, it splits and sends a narrow side branch to the thyroid cartilage the sternothyroid. The larger inner branch the sternohyoid inserts onto the bottom of the hyoid bone in common with the omohyoid. The bulge of the thyroid cartilage may be seen through the muscle at the upper end of the neck, when not obscured by loose skin folds. Sternomastoid: Base The Sternocephalicus "sternum-to-head" muscle is the general name for of the skull in the region behind the ear hole.

Also opens the mouth by pulling the lower jaw and ends on various parts of the skull. When it inserts onto the lower jaw, downward. For most of the neck, the two muscles parallel each other; the sternomastoid lies to HORSE Sternomandibularis the inside of, and is partly overlapped by, the sternomandibularis. One and deeper insertion on the base of the skull. The sternomastoid side only: Pulls the head and neck to that side. Here up the neck from the midline on the front of the chest to the rear edge of they lie between the sternomandibularis muscles, which are not in the lower jaw.

The muscles on each side of the body are initially in contact contact with each other. At a level Sternomastoid: Base of the skull behind the ear hole mastoid process. This venous single belly. Near the head, it separates into the wider, thinner sterno- branch can appear as a furrow on the surface. The portion on the neck is long and narrow. Its tip is superficial—the It is thicker in the dog and the feline than in the horse and the ox. The rhom- boid is not seen under the trapezius as a distinct form, but rather adds a muscular fullness to the back of the neck in front of the shoulder.

They lie on either side of the upper sur- lumbar vertebrae. The iliocostalis, forms a very thick, columnar muscle mass in the lumbar longissimus, iliocostalis and spinalis comprise the erector spinae region. In the feline, the lumbar portion of the longissimus is not sacrospinalis.

The longissimus capitis to the head and longissimus covered by the iliocostalis, which begins from a more forward position. A muscle contracting on one of the lumbar vertebrae, and the upper ends of the ribs. The thick lumbar portion is called the "common mass. Not directly seen on the medius muscle.

This depression in the ox is smaller and doesn't advance surface, it adds a muscular fullness to the back before diving under the as far forward as in the horse. At the middle of the trunk, the longissimus shoulder blade. It is made up of numerous small the fourth lumbar vertebra, and the upper ends of the last fifteen ribs. Emerging from under the longissimus between the last rib and the pelvis, it passes forward along the outer edge of the longissimus.

It does not come to the surface as it is covered by the longissimus. The muscular portion is cord separating into two or three separate forms radiating from the point located on the upper portion of the side of the abdomen.

The muscle of the hip. Muscle fibers of both the internal and external abdominal and tendon of both sides of the body form a continuous sling that pass- obliques are present in the hollow, filling the space between the rib cage es under the abdomen and passively supports the abdominal contents and the pelvis. This distance is greater in the ox than in the horse. The linea alba is a tendinous thickening crest of the ilium at the front of the pelvis.

It is the wide tendon. The front por- cia between the ribs, and the side of the surface of the spinal muscles in tion of the muscular portion of the external abdominal oblique overlaps the lumbar region. The position of the origin gets progressively lower on the flat belly of the rectus abdominis. It embraces part of the side of the rib cage and the of the surface of the spinal muscles in the lumbar region. The front of the muscular portion forms four the front end of the bottom of the pelvis pubic bone , and from a short units whose ends alternate interdigitate with the forms of the serratus ligament passing upward and forward from the pubic bone.

The remainder intersects with the forms of the ribs, In the dog, the tips of the originating fibers of the front portion of the where they meet at a wide angle. The location of the insertion of the muscle on the side of the rib cage are covered by the latissimus dorsi muscular fibers into its wide tendon on the side of the abdomen may be muscle. In the feline, the entire origin from all the ribs is covered.

Widest at its middle, it passes from the Serratus dorsalis caudalis bottom of the rib cage to the bottom of the pelvis. It is the rectus abdominis. The pointed tips of the last vertebrae. Chest portion: Sides of the lower ends of the first eight or four segments alternate interdigitate with the originating ends of the nine ribs. The chest ward; lifts the neck; bends the neck to one side.

Chest portion: Pulls the portion projects beyond the lower edge of the latissimus dorsi. The upper end of the shoulder blade backward and downward, which can pectoralis ascendens covers the lower ends of the forward segments of rotate the shoulder blade, advancing the shoulder joint.

The chest por- the chest portion. It also portions. The neck portion serratus ventralis cervicis , divisible into conceals the forms of the underlying individual ribs. Those ribs covered several converging bundles, comes to the surface on the side of the only by the latissimus may often be seen on the surface. The attach- neck between the trapezius and the brachiocephalicus. It is homologous ments are very similar to those of the horse.

The chest portion serratus ventralis thoracis, serratus magnus is a fan-shaped muscle connecting the upper end of the shoulder blade to the side of the rib cage. The two portions are shoulder. Thoracic portion: Along the tips of the thoracic vertebrae and also less distinct. The upper part of the front edge is in contact with the intervening ligament from the shoulder to the middle of the chest.

The neck portion pulls it upward racic vertebra in the dog, and from the second neck vertebra to the and forward; the thoracic portion pulls it upward and rearward. Thoracic portion: Dog: Upper one third of the spine; Feline: nous area.

The front triangle defines the neck portion and the rear trian- Bony expansion one third of the way down the spine. The thoracic portion is thicker than the The thoracic portion becomes tendinous again before inserting into the neck portion. The larger neck portion inserts lower down on the spine of the shoulder blade than the thoracic portion.

Because it is relatively thin, it allows the of the latissimus, which can be visible on the surface, is seen to be mass of the serratus ventralis and the forms of the individual ribs to be directed much lower on the humerus than the bony insertion one third of seen underneath. The diagonal lower edge of the muscle is often quite the way down the humerus.

The latissimus begins as a wide ten- the horse it tapers less , which brings the lower edge of the latissimus don fused to the fascia of the spinal muscles. The front free edge of the closer to the bottom of the chest before it passes under the triceps.

The latissimus narrows and thickens on its way to its insertion, and then dis- appears as it dives deep to the tensor fasciae antebrachii and triceps. It passes over the biceps to insert toralis transversus in the horse, the ox, and the dog, plus the pectoan- between the biceps and the brachialis.

The bulging muscles of both tibrachialis in the feline and the deep pectorals subclavius and sides of the body create a furrow on the midline of the chest at the pectoralis ascendens in the horse and the ox; pectoralis profundus in bottom of which lies the sternum. The rear edge of the muscle overlaps the dog, and pectoralis profundus and xiphihumeralis in the feline.

In the ox, this muscle is thin and closely The superficial pectorals are homologous to the pectoralis major in attached to the pectoralis transversus, which it overlaps. Feline: Also from a tendinous line on pectoralis major and minor. In the horse and the ox, the superficial the midline of the base of the neck in front of the tip of the sternum. This narrow muscle originates on the sternum a short distance of the lower half of the humerus, and the adjacent outer surface of back from its tip and eventually tapers into a flat, thin tendon that pass- the muscles of the limb.

It lies advances the front limb. When the limb is front of the upper end of the humerus. It passes upward, forward, and outward, then curves backward, ending on the The subclavius is not present in the dog or the feline.

Tendinous portion of the chest, its upper edge directed toward the shoulder joint. The In the feline, the portion at the outer edge of the muscle forms a sepa- pectoralis ascendens is roughly triangular, beginning as a thin and wide rate division called the xiphihumeralis. Its inserting end passes deep to muscle that lies on the chest, and thickening as it ascends. The muscle the remainder of the muscle see diagram in "Pectoralis transversus," is seen on the lower portion of the side of the chest, to the rear of the page 61 and ultimately inserts onto the upper portion of the humerus.

On one side of the body, they can be divided into three groups. One side only: Pulls the tail to that side. The two lateral flexors, which begin on the sacrum and to the base of the tail. Basically triangular, it originates narrow at the the tail vertebrae, taper as they pass along the side of the tail. In the pelvis and fans out as it approaches the tail. It lies deep to the sacrotu- dog, the upper lateral flexor intertransversarii dorsalis caudae is espe- beral ligament.

Although inconspicuous, it may create a curved transi- cially thick where it begins at the sacrum and ends shortly on the side of tion between the top of the rear portion of the pelvis and the base of the the tail. In the horse and the ox, the lateral flexors tend to be segmented tail. Its curved rear edge is most likely to be seen directly when the tail between the transverse processes of the tail vertebrae.

The lateral flex- is raised. The two depressors begin on the bottom of the lumbar vertebrae and sacrum. The lateral depressor is larger than the medial one. The muscular fibers of the trunk portion begin on the HORSE side of the chest and abdomen on a line directed variably from the top of The cutaneous muscle, or skin muscle, is a thin, blanketing sheet of the shoulder or the middle of the back to the front of the knee.

The lower muscle that covers a large part, but not all, of the body. It has very little portion of this line of origin, convex forward, coincides with a distinct attachment directly to the skeleton, and is divisible into several por- line that appears prominently on the surface of the animal in life.

This tions. The cutaneous muscle and the overlying skin soften the definition line is seen only in the horse. One of its functions is to A division of the facial portion separates into a unit that attaches twitch the skin to get rid of flies.

Portions that affect surface form are to the corner of the mouth, called the platysma. When it contracts, it described below. On the front of the chest, the sternal portion, a part of the neck OX portion, thickens into a muscular band that can be seen on the surface In the ox, the cutaneous muscle is generally reduced and can be seen as a distinct ovoid bulge. It attaches directly to the tip of the sternum, directly only at the fold of the flank.

This fold is larger and descends where it is thickest, and then thins and widens as it ascends upward and lower in the ox than in the horse, reaching below the knee to the shin of outward.

It passes diagonally over the brachiocephalicus. The large trunk portion covers the side of the trunk. It some of the definition of the underlying latissimus dorsi, serratus ven- varies in where it attaches to the leg, ranging from the upper end of the tralis, and pectoralis ascendens.

It ultimately inserts into the humerus thigh down to the knee, depending on the species and breed. In front of the knee region, along with the skin, it creates the triangular fold of the Wank, or stifle fold.

Belly doesn't front of the shoulder joint, and then splits before inserting into the two twist or split before inserting. In the horse a small piece of the middle of the belly comes supraspinatus creates the front form of the shoulder.

Only a small part of the infraspinatus reaches the surface, cent cartilage. Its flat belly lying on the flat surface of cartilage. Feline: Also enough to reveal its form. The triceps is too thick to let the teres major the adjacent surface of the infraspinatus muscle. The teres major and strongly contracted while pulling the arm backward. Because the thick latissimus dorsi insert together via a common tendon on the humerus.

In the other species, it is covered by the latissimus dorsi and the triceps. Because the scapular portion inserts, in body. The wider spinal front than in the other species where it tapers almost to a point. Spinal portion: Spine of the scapula. In the feline, the spinal OX portion originates from the lower two thirds of the spine. The spinal portion may the bony scapula one fourth of the way down the bone. Inner front corner of the top of the radius. Ligament on DOG the inside of the elbow.

After passing through a bony groove at the top of the humerus, FELINE it develops into a thick, fleshy belly, tapered at both ends. When the splits and inserts into the radius and the inner elbow ligament. Strong forearm is pronated, with the palm facing backward, the insertion area is tendinous fibers running through the entire length of the belly, beginning on the rear side of the bone.

As the forearm is supinated with the palm at the tendon of origin above, emerge at the bottom of the muscle and rotating forward , the radius rotates, bringing the insertion area around form the long tendon of the biceps lacerta fibrosus. The long tendon toward the front. This forward or upward, depending on the position of the forearm. The muscular mass of In primates, a second head is present, descending from the coracoid the biceps brachii does not come to the surface in the horse, but rather process of the scapula and inserting into the inside of the humerus.

In animals that rotate ends on the inside of the elbow region. Only a small piece of the outer the forearm pronation and supination , like felines and primates, the side of the brachialis comes to the surface in front of the elbow joint.